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First published online September 21, 2006
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2006-0366v1
25/2/271    most recent
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Submitted on June 16, 2006
Accepted on September 14, 2006

Tissue-Specific Stem Cells

Epicardial cells of human adults can undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and obtain characteristics of smooth muscle cells in vitro

John van Tuyn 1, Douwe E. Atsma 2*, Elizabeth M. Winter 3, Ietje van der Velde-van Dijke 4, Daniel A. Pijnappels 2, Noortje A.M. Bax 5, Shoshan Knaän-Shanzer 4, Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot 6, Robert E. Poelmann 6, Arnoud van der Laarse 2, Ernst E. van der Wall 2, Martin J. Schalij 2, Antoine A.F. de Vries 4

1 Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Virus and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
2 Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
3 Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
4 Virus and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
5 Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
6 Department of Anatomy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: D.E.Atsma{at}lumc.nl.


  Abstract

Myocardial and coronary development is both critically dependent on epicardial cells. During cardiomorphogenesis a subset of epicardial cells undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invades the myocardium to differentiate into various cell types including coronary smooth muscle cells and perivascular and cardiac interstitial fibroblasts. Our current knowledge of epicardial EMT and the ensuing epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) comes primarily from studies of chick and mouse embryonic development. Due to the absence of an in vitro culture system very little is known about human EPDCs. Here we report for the first time the establishment of cultures of primary epicardial cells from human adults and we describe their immunophenotype, transcriptome, transducibility, and differentiation potential in vitro. Changes in morphology and {beta}-catenin staining pattern indicated that human epicardial cells spontaneously undergo EMT early during ex vivo culture. The surface antigen profile of the cells after EMT closely resembles that of subepithelial fibroblasts; however, only EPDCs express the cardiac marker genes GATA4 and cardiac troponin T. After infection with an adenovirus vector encoding the transcription factor myocardin or following treatment with transforming growth factor {beta}1 or bone morphogenetic protein 2, EPDCs obtain characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Moreover, EPDCs can undergo osteogenesis but fail to form adipocytes or endothelial cells in vitro. Cultured epicardial cells from human adults recapitulate at least part of the differentiation potential of their embryonic counterparts and represent an excellent model system to explore the biological properties and therapeutic potential of these cells.

Key Words. Osteoblast, Myogenesis, Mesenchymal stem cell, Adipogenesis, Adult stem cells, Angiogenesis, In vitro culture, Cobblestone-area-forming cells, Calcification, Epicardium, Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, Mesothelium, Smooth muscle cell, Stem cell




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