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THE STEM CELL NICHE

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Instruct Oligodendrogenic Fate Decision on Adult Neural Stem Cells

^aVolkswagen-Foundation Research Group, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany;
^bDepartment of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany;
^cMolecular and Cellular Biology and Neurosciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;
^dMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Key Words. Adult stem cells • Transcription factor • Somatic stem cells Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction • Oligodendrocytes • Enhanced green fluorescent protein Differentiation

Correspondence: Ludwig Aigner, Ph.D., Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany. Telephone: +49 941 944 8950; Fax: +49 941 944 8951; e-mail: ludwig.aigner{at}klinik.uni-regensburg.de

Received December 7, 2005; accepted for publication May 30, 2006.
First published online in STEM CELLS EXPRESS   June 8, 2006.



Adult stem cells reside in different tissues and organs of the adult organism. Among these cells are MSCs that are located in the adult bone marrow and NSCs that exist in the adult central nervous system (CNS). In transplantation experiments, MSCs demonstrated neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects that were associated with functional improvements. The underlying mechanisms are largely unidentified. Here, we reveal that the interactions between adult MSCs and NSCs, mediated by soluble factors, induce oligodendrogenic fate decision in NSCs at the expense of astrogenesis. This was demonstrated (a) by an increase in the percentage of cells expressing the oligodendrocyte markers GalC and myelin basic protein, (b) by a reduction in the percentage of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells, and (c) by the expression pattern of cell fate determinants specific for oligodendrogenic differentiation. Thus, it involved enhanced expression of the oligodendrogenic transcription factors Olig1, Olig2, and Nkx2.2 and diminished expression of Id2, an inhibitor of oligodendrogenic differentiation. Results of (a) 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine pulse-labeling of cells, (b) cell fate analysis, and (c) cell death/survival analysis suggested an inductive mechanism and excluded a selection process. A candidate factor screen excluded a number of growth factors, cytokines, and neurotrophins that have previously been shown to influence neurogenesis and neural differentiation from the oligodendrogenic activity derived from the MSCs. This work might have major implications for the development of future transplantation strategies for the treatment of degenerative diseases in the CNS.