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OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
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TISSUE-SPECIFIC STEM CELLS |
Departments of aMicrobiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and
cMolecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine,
bHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Key Words. Prostate sphere assay • P63 • Androgen receptor • Integrin 
6 • Prostate stem cell antigen
Correspondence: Owen N. Witte, M.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, 5-748 MRL, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA. Telephone: 310-206-0386; Fax: 310-206-8822; e-mail: owenw{at}microbio.ucla.edu
Received on May 9, 2007;
accepted for publication on July 9, 2007.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
First published online in STEM CELLS EXPRESS July 19, 2007.
Murine prostate stem cells express integrin 6, which modulates survival, proliferation, and differentiation signaling through its interaction with the extracellular protein laminin. When plated in vitro in laminin containing Matrigel medium, 1 of 500–1,000 murine prostate cells can grow and form clonogenic spheroid structures that we term prostate spheres. Prostate spheres can be serially passaged individually or in bulk to generate daughter spheres with similar composition, demonstrating that sphere-forming cells are capable of self-renewal. Spheres spontaneously undergo lineage specification for basal and transit-amplifying cell types. P63-expressing cells localized to the outer layers of prostate spheres possess higher self-renewal capacity, whereas cells toward the center display a more differentiated transit-amplifying phenotype, as demonstrated by the expression of the prostate stem cell antigen. When dihydrotestosterone is added to the medium, the androgen receptor is stabilized, is imported to the nucleus, and drives differentiation to a luminal cell-like phenotype. A fraction of sphere cells returned to an in vivo environment can undergo differentiation and morphogenesis to form prostate tubular structures with defined basal and luminal layers accompanied by prostatic secretions. This study demonstrates self-renewal and multilineage differentiation from single adult prostate stem/progenitor cells in a specific in vitro microenvironment.
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