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EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS |
aDepartment of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research UK and University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom;
bDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
cMRC Centre of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
dDepartment of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
eCentre for Molecular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Key Words. Cell adhesion molecules • Cell surface markers • Chondroitin sulfate • Differentiation • Embryonic stem cell Glycosaminoglycan • Heparin • Neural differentiation
Correspondence: Catherine L. R. Merry, Ph.D., School of Materials, Materials Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M1 7HS, United Kingdom. Telephone: 0161-306-8871; Fax: 0161-306-3586; e-mail: catherine.merry{at}manchester.ac.uk
Received July 19, 2006;
accepted for publication April 13, 2007.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
First published online in STEM CELLS EXPRESS April 26, 2007.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can be cultured in conditions that either maintain pluripotency or allow differentiation to the three embryonic germ layers. Heparan sulfate (HS), a highly polymorphic glycosaminoglycan, is a critical cell surface coreceptor in embryogenesis, and in this paper we describe its structural transition from an unusually low-sulfated variant in ES cells to a more highly sulfated form in fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified neural progenitor cells. The characteristic domain structure of HS was retained during this transformation. However, qualitative variations in surface sulfation patterns between ES and differentiated cells were revealed using HS epitope-specific antibodies and the HS-binding growth factor fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Expression profiles of the HS modification enzymes indicated that both "early" (N-sulfotransferases) and "late" (6O- and 3O-sulfotransferases) sulfotransferases contributed to the alterations in sulfation patterning. An HS-null ES line was used to demonstrate the necessity for HS in neural differentiation. HS is a coreceptor for many of the protein effectors implicated in pluripotency and differentiation (e.g., members of the FGF family, bone morphogenic proteins, and fibronectin). We suggest that the stage-specific activities of these proteins are finely regulated by dynamic changes in sulfation motifs in HS chains.
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