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Specific Knockdown of Oct4 and ß2-microglobulin Expression by RNA Interference in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Carcinoma Cells

^a The Centre for Stem Cell Biology and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, U.K.;
^b Axordia Ltd, Western Bank, Sheffield, U.K.;
^c Section of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Jessop Wing, Sheffield, U.K.

Key Words. Human embryonic stem cells • Embryonal carcinoma cells • RNA interference Oct4 • ß-2-microglobulin • GFP • Differentiation • Gene expression

Correspondence: P. W. Andrews,B.Sc., D.Phil., M.B.A., The Centre for Stem Cell Biology and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K. Telephone: +44 (0)114-222-4173; Fax: +44 (0)114-222-2399; e-mail: p.w.andrews{at}sheffield.ac.uk

	ABSTRACT

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
We have used RNA interference (RNAi) to downregulate ß2-microglobulin and Oct4 in human embryonal carcinoma (hEC) cells and embryonic stem (hES) cells, demonstrating that RNAi is an effective tool for regulating specific gene activity in these human stem cells. The knockdown of Oct4 but not ß2-microglobulin expression in both EC and ES cells resulted in their differentiation, as indicated by a marked change in morphology, growth rate, and surface antigen phenotype, with respect to SSEA1, SSEA3, and TRA-1-60 expression. Expression of hCG and Gcm1 was also induced following knockdown of Oct4 expression, in both 2102Ep hEC cells and in H7 and H14 hES cells, consistent with the conclusion that, as in the mouse, Oct4 is required to maintain the undifferentiated stem cell state, and that differentiation to trophectoderm occurs in its absence. NTERA2 hEC cells also differentiated, but not to trophectoderm, suggesting their equivalence to a later stage of embryogenesis than other hEC and hES cells.

	INTRODUCTION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Human embryonic stem (hES) [1] cells offer the opportunity for the in vitro production of multiple cell types for use in regenerative medicine. A key to unlocking this potential is development of methods for controlling gene expression and, consequently, cell differentiation. One tool that might be exploited is RNA interference (RNAi) [2] to manipulate specific signaling pathways in a transient manner and so influence the selection of specific pathways of differentiation by a pluripotent stem cell. To explore this possibility we have used RNAi to determine whether the transcription factor Oct4 is required to maintain the undifferentiated state of hES cells, as well as human embryonal carcinoma (hEC) cells, their malignant equivalent from teratocarcinomas, and whether forced knockdown of Oct4 expression results in differentiation toward trophectoderm. Murine ES cells have been shown to depend on the correct levels of Oct4 expression for their maintenance of an undifferentiated stem cell phenotype, and they differentiate to trophectoderm in its absence [3]. However, various differences exist between mouse and human ES cells (e.g., the nonresponsiveness of hES cells to leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF] [1] and their different surface antigen phenotypes [4]), so that one cannot assume, a priori, that a regulatory factor active in mouse ES cells necessarily exhibits the same function in their human counterparts. Here we show that RNAi can be used effectively to downregulate genes in a specific manner in hEC and hES cells. Further, our results confirm the hypothesis that, indeed, Oct4 expression is required to maintain the undifferentiated state of human EC and ES cells.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Cell Culture and Stable Transfection
NTERA2 cl.D1 and 2102Ep c1.2A6 hEC cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), as previously described [5, 6]. The hES cell lines, H7 and H14 [1] were cultured in knockout-DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 20% serum replacement (Invitrogen) and 4 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (Invitrogen), on feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblasts that had been mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C [7]. For stable transfection with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene, the cells were seeded at 3 x 10⁴ per cm² and transfected one day later with plasmid pCAG–eGFP using ExGen 500 (Fermentas, Inc., Hanover, MD) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Puromycin (1 µg/ml) was added to the cultures, 24 hours after transfection, and puromycin-resistant green-fluorescent colonies were selected and expanded for further experiments.

RNA Interference
Double-stranded, short (21-mer) interfering RNA (siRNA) corresponding to eGFP, ß2-microglobulin (ß2M), and Oct4 were designed with the following sense and antisense sequences and were synthesized by Xeragon Inc. (now Qiagen,Valencia, CA):

EGFP:

(sense) 5'-CGUAAACGGCCACAAGUUCdTdT-3'

(antisense) 5'-GAACUUGUGGCCGUUUACGdTdT-3', starting from nucleotide 66 of the eGFP coding sequence

ß2M:

(sense) 5'-GAUUCAGGUUUACUCACGUdTdT-3'

(antisense) 5'-ACGUGAGUAAACCUGAAUCdTdT-3', starting from nucleotide 91 of ß2M sequence (accession number AB021288 [GenBank] [GenBank] )

Oct4-A:

(sense) 5'-AGCAGCUUGGGCUCGAGAAdTdT-3'

(antisense) 5'-UUCUCGAGCCCAAGCUGCUdTdT-3', starting from nucleotide 610 of Oct4 sequence (accession number NM_203289 [GenBank] [GenBank] )

Oct4-B:

(sense) 5'-CAUGUGUAAGCUGCGGCCCdTdT-3'

(antisense) 5'-GGGCCGCAGCUUACACAUGdTdT)-3', starting from nucleotide 404 of Oct4 sequence (accession number NM_203289 [GenBank] [GenBank] )

Cells were harvested with 0.25% trypsin, 1 mM EDTA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (for EC cells) or 0.05% trypsin, 1 mM EDTA in PBS without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (for ES cells) and plated in six-well plates at 2 x 10⁴ per cm². The next day, when the cultures were 30%–50% confluent, siRNA was introduced into the cells using the Oligofectamine transfection reagent (Invitrogen). In brief, 10 µ1 siRNA (20-µM solution) was incubated with 4 µl Oligofectamine in 190 µl Optimem (Invitrogen) for 20 minutes; the mixture was then added to the cells in a final volume of 1.2 ml. The transfected cells were cultured and were fed daily with fresh medium until they were assayed.

Flow Cytometry
Antigen expression was assayed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry as previously described [8], using the following monoclonal antibodies: MC631, anti–stage-specific embryonic antigen–3 (SSEA3) [9]; MC813-70, anti–stage-specific embryonic antigen–4 (SSEA4) [10]; MC480, anti–stage-specific embryonic antigen–1 (SSEA1) [11]; TRA-1-60 [12]; TRA-2-54, anti–liver/kidney/bone alkaline phosphatase [13]; BBM1, anti–ß2-microglobulin [14]; W6/32, anti–HLA-A,B,C [15]. In all cases, immunofluorescence with the specific antibodies was compared with that from a negative control antibody obtained from the parent myeloma cell line P3X63Ag8, as previously described [8].

Immunofluorescent Localization of Surface Antigens on Cells In Situ
The medium was removed from cultures of the hEC and ES cells growing in six-well tissue culture plates and replaced with primary antibody diluted in culture medium. Antibody from myeloma line P3X63Ag8 was used to provide a negative control. The cells were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C, after which the cells were washed three times with PBS (with Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺). A secondary antibody, fluorescein isothio-cyanate (FITC)–conjugated goat antimouse IgM (1:20), was added to the cells and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The cells were then washed three times with PBS and visualized under a UV microscope.

Western Blotting
Cells were harvested using trypsin: EDTA and lysed in radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA) buffer (1xPBS, 1% Non-idet P-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) at 10⁷ cells/ml. Lysates containing the equivalent of 1.5 x 10⁴ cells per lane were electrophoresed using SDS-PAGE (10% poly-acrylamide gel) and blotted overnight onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. Membranes were stained with Ponceau-S to check loading and transfer, and then blocked for 1 hour with 5% fat-free milk solution. Samples were probed with a goat polyclonal antibody against Oct4 (Santa-Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) at 0.25 µg/ml and a 1:4000 dilution of antigoat IgG-peroxidase conjugate (Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis, MO). Staining was visualized using an electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, NJ).

Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA (2 µg) was reverse transcribed using 1 µg oligo-dT primer with MMLV Reverse-Transcriptase (Promega U.S., Madison, WI) in a 40-µ1 reaction volume containing 1.25 mM deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) at 37°C. Oligonucleotide primers for PCR detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Cdx2, Gcm1, and ß-actin were designed using the PrimerSelect program from the DNA-STAR software package (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI). PCR was performed using 1 µl of cDNA in 25 µl PCR containing 15 pmol of each primer, 0.1 mM dNTP, and 0.3 units Taq polymerase (Promega). Primer sequences used and conditions of these reactions were as follows:

hCG-f: 5'-ATGGGCGGGACATGGGCATCCA-3'

hCG-r: 5'-GGCCCCGGGAGTCGGGATGG-3' (70°C annealing, x35 cycles)

Cdx2-f: 5'-CCTCCGCTGGGCTTCATTCC-3'

Cdx2-r: 5'-TGGGGGTTCTGCAGTCTTTGGTC-3' (60°C annealing, x30 cycles)

Gcm1-f: 2 5'-GTGGACCCCATGAAGCTCTA-3'

Gcm1-r: 2 5'-GCAGTGATCCAAACCCAAGT-3' (65°C annealing, x35 cycles)

ß-actin-f:
5'-ATCTGGCACCACACCTTCTACAATGAGTGCG-3'

ß-actin-r:
5'-CGTCATACTCCTGCTTGCTGATCCACATCTGC-3' (70°C annealing, x25 cycles)

	RESULTS

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The hES lines H7 and H14 are pluripotent cell lines derived from early human embryos. Both 2102Ep and NTERA2 are hEC cell lines derived from teratocarcinomas [5, 6]; they closely resemble hES cells and the inner cell mass of human blastocyst stage embryos [4, 16]. Although 2102Ep cells differentiate slightly when passaged at low density, NTERA2 but not 2102Ep cells differentiate, most notably in a neural direction, when exposed to retinoic acid [8]. By contrast, the hES cultures always contained a significant level of spontaneously differentiated cells [4].

To establish conditions for the use of RNAi with these cells, and to ascertain whether the RNAi technique itself might induce nonspecific effects, we first used RNAi to knock down expression of eGFP and ß2M in stably transfected, eGFP-expressing NTERA2, 2102Ep, and H7 cells. After 3–5 days, the expression of eGFP and ß2M was specifically downregulated, 5- to 10-fold, only by their corresponding siRNA (Fig. 1a). At the same time, the expression of several developmentally regulated surface antigens characteristic of undifferentiated hEC and hES cells SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-2-54 [4] was unaffected, while expression of SSEA1, which is not expressed by the undifferentiated cells but is expressed by some of their differentiated derivatives, was not induced. Thus, siRNA treatments do not appear to induce hEC or hES differentiation in a nonspecific way (Fig. 1b). However, expression of cell surface ß2M and the heavy chain of class 1 HLA (which is dependent on ß2M expression [17]), was specifically downregulated after treatment with siRNA to ß2M. RNAi efficiency varied with cell density (2 x 10⁴ cells per cm² was optimal) and different transfection reagents (Oligofectamine was the most efficient tested).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) can specifically downregulate targeted gene expression in human embryonal carcinoma (EC) and embryonic stem (ES) cells without affecting their undifferentiated state. NTERA2 and 2102Ep human EC and H7 human ES cells, stably transfected with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression vector, were treated with siRNA, targeting either eGFP or ß2-microglobulin (ß2M), using several different transfection reagents: Lipofectin (Invitrogen), Superfect (Qiagen), Fugene 6 (Roche Diagnostics), ExGen500 (MBI Fermentas), GeneJuice (Novagen), and Oligofectamine (Invitrogen). Of these, Oligofectamine was judged the most effective for RNA interference. (A): Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of eGFP expression in cells treated with eGFP siRNA (red histograms) or ß2M siRNA (blue histograms) or untreated (green histograms). The analysis was carried out 3 days after RNAi in NTERA2 and H7 cells and 5 days after RNAi in 2102Ep cells. The fluorescence intensity is recorded on a log scale, and there is a 5- to 10-fold reduction in eGFP expression after eGFP siRNA. (B): Surface marker antigen expression by green fluorescent NTERA2 EC cells, either untreated (NT2cgB1) or 6 days after exposure to siRNA to eGFP (NT2cgB1-GFP) or ß2M (NT2cgB1-ß2M). No effect on surface antigens characteristic of human EC cells was seen; however, ß2M siRNA caused a marked downregulation of cell surface expression of ß2-microglobulin (detected by BBM1) and HLA-A,B,C heavy chain (detected by W6/32), as expected.

To determine the optimal time for RNA interference of Oct4 expression, 2102Ep cells were treated with Oct4 and ß2M siRNAs, and the expression of Oct4 was assayed by western blotting 3, 5, and 7 days after RNAi. The level of Oct4 protein expression remained constant in the cultures treated with siRNA to ß2M. By contrast, it was substantially downregulated 3 and 5 days after treatment with Oct4 siRNA, while levels began to recover by 7 days (Fig. 2).

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. siRNA directed to Oct4 causes downregulation of Oct4 protein expression. Western blot for Oct4 expression in 2102Ep cells treated with siRNA targeting eitherß2M (Lanes 1, 3, and 5) or Oct4 (Lanes 2, 4, and 6) after 3 days (Lanes 1, 2), 5 days (Lanes 3, 4), and 7 days (Lanes 5, 6). Note the substantial reduction in Oct4, 3 and 5 days after treatment with Oct4 siRNA and then its partial recovery after 7 days, due to unaffected cells beginning to overgrow the culture. The lanes were each loaded with lysate containing the equivalent of 1.5 x 105 cells. Following electrophoresis and blotting, membranes were stained with Ponceau-S to determine equal loading and transfer (lower panel).

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Effect of Oct4 RNAi on growth rate and the appearance of multinucleated cells in 2102Ep human EC cells. (A): Growth of 2102Ep cells after treatment with ß2M and Oct4 siRNAs (n = 3; ± standard deviation). (B): The morphology of (I) untreated 2102Ep cells or of multinucleated cells appearing (II) after Oct4 RNAi phase contrast and (III) after staining with DAPI and rhodamine-phalloidin, 7 days after RNAi.

View larger version (89K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Morphology and TRA-1-60 expression of human EC and ES cells after Oct4 RNAi. (A): Phase contrast (left) and TRA-1-60 staining (right) of 2102Ep cells 5 days after mock (top) and Oct4 RNAi (bottom) treatments. (B): Phase contrast (left) and TRA-1-60 staining (right) of H14 cells 3 days after mock (top) and Oct4 siRNA (bottom) treatments.

View larger version (82K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. The effect of Oct4 knockdown by siRNA on the expression of surface antigens, and hCG, Gcm1, and Cdx2 by NTERA2 and 2102Ep hEC cells and H7 hES cells 5 days after treatment with Oct4 or ß2M siRNA. (A): Western blot for Oct4 in NTERA2 (lanes 1, 2), 2102Ep (lanes 3, 4), and H7 (lanes 5, 6); siRNA to Oct4 (lanes, 1, 3, and 5) and siRNA to ß2M (lanes 2, 4, and 6). Lysates containing the equivalence of 1.5 x 105 cells were loaded in each lane. Ponceau-S staining confirmed similar loading and transfer for lysates (not shown). (B): Surface antigen expression after treatment with Oct4 siRNA (red histograms) or ß2M (blue histograms). P3X63Ag8 is used as a negative first antibody control. Note the disappearance of markers of the undifferentiated state, SSEA3 and TRA-1-60, after treatment with siRNA to Oct4 and the appearance of SSEA1, especially in 2102Ep and H7 cells, indicating differentiation. The percentage of cells in each population is shown in Table 1. Also note that ß2-microglobulin was down-regulated after treatment with ß2M siRNA but not Oct4 siRNA in 2102Ep and H7 cells. The low and effectively undetectable level of ß2-microglobulin in the NTERA2 cells used in this experiment, in contrast to the experiment shown in Figure 1, reflects a commonly observed variability in MHC antigen expression by this particular hEC line in contrast to others [6]. (C): RT-PCR analysis of hCG and Cdx2 expression after treatment with siRNA to Oct4. ß-actin PCR was used as a template loading control.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. The response of H14 hES cells to Oct4 siRNA, in comparison with a mock-treated (dsRNA) control, 3 days after treatment. (A): Expression of surface antigens SSEA1, TRA-1-60, and SSEA3 3 days after treatment with Oct4 siRNA (red histograms), or mock transfected cells, using transfection reagents and conditions but no RNA (blue histograms). (B): hCG expression in the same cells, analyzed by reverse transcription poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

	DISCUSSION

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Human ES cells and their malignant counterparts, EC cells, which are the stem cells of teratocarcinomas, closely resemble one another, as well as cells from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts [4, 16]. For example, they share expression of several widely used surface antigen markers that are characteristic of the undifferentiated cells. Indeed, most of those in current use were first developed in studies of EC cell lines. The extensive pluripotency of human ES cells offers great potential for their use in understanding the mechanisms that guide early human embryogenesis, as well as in providing a source of normal functional differentiated cells for a range of applications from drug discovery and toxicology to regenerative medicine. However, investigations of these cells are currently difficult, precisely because of their pluripotency and propensity to differentiate and their requirements for complex culture systems that involve feeders or conditioned medium. By contrast, EC cells, while exhibiting many of the key features of the ES cells, are simpler to maintain and to analyze since their adaptation to tumor growth has reduced, but not eliminated, their capacity for differentiation and their demands on culture conditions. The two cell types thus provide complementary tools for investigation, allowing techniques and approaches to be developed in the simpler EC cell systems before application to ES cells. Further, germ cell tumors in which EC cells are the principle malignant component remain a significant medical problem, as they are the most common type of cancer occurring in young men. Understanding the relationships between EC and ES cells and the mechanisms that control their self-renewal will likely affect tumor biology, as well as embryology and regenerative medicine [19].

Human EC and ES cells differ in a number of ways from their murine counterparts, although they also have similarities [19]. For example, morphology and high expression of alkaline phosphatase and Oct4 are similar between mouse and human EC and ES cells. However, their surface antigen phenotypes are strikingly different, while the cytokine LIF is able to inhibit differentiation and promote self renewal of mouse ES cells but apparently has no effect on human ES cells [1].

Our results now show that RNA interference techniques using siRNA can be applied to human EC and ES cells to investigate the function of specific genes in control of their self-renewal and differentiation. The technique itself does not seem to have nonspecific effects on the cells, nor does it induce their differentiation; with the set of genes that we have studied—GFP, ß2-microglobulin, and Oct4—the effects on gene expression seem to be specific. Vallier et al. [20] have also recently demonstrated the efficacy of RNAi in human ES cells, where they used stable expression of siRNA to knock down expression of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). There might be concern that application of double-stranded RNA to EC and ES cells could induce expression of interferon, which itself might influence cell phenotype. Although we have not directly tested whether interferon is induced in these cells under the conditions of the experiments, our previous extensive studies of the effects of interferon on human EC [21] and ES [4] cells indicated that interferons do not induce the differentiation of these cells.

Taken together, the results also indicate that reduced expression of Oct4 in 2102Ep hEC cells and in H7 and H14 hES cells leads to their differentiation. Further, our data are consistent with the view that, as in murine ES cells, this differentiation is in the direction of trophectoderm. SSEA1 is expressed by trophectoderm in the early human embryo [16], as is hCG, and it has been shown that hCG expression is negatively regulated by Oct4 [22]. Gcm1 has also been identified as a marker for trophectodermal differentiation [23]. The results with expression of Cdx2 are slightly less clear, though also consistent with trophoblast differentiation. In the mouse, Cdx2 is not expressed by ES cells or their inner cell mass equivalents from the blastocyst but is induced in trophectoderm derived from ES cells [3]. However, our results indicate that human EC and ES cells differ by initially expressing Cdx2 at low levels. Nevertheless, in 2102Ep cells, there was indeed a marked upregulation of Cdx2 following knockdown of Oct4 expression, and this is consistent with induction linked to trophectoderm differentiation. In contrast, the initial levels of Cdx2 in the human ES cells were somewhat higher than in 2102Ep, and no significant change was noted after Oct4 knockdown. The simplest explanation for this result is masking caused by the relative heterogeneity and spontaneous differentiation of the ES cell cultures compared with the 2102Ep EC cell cultures; Cdx2 is not exclusively expressed in the trophectoderm lineage [24].

By contrast to the 2102Ep EC cells and the ES cells, NTERA2 EC cells showed no induction of hCG or Gcm1, and downregulated Cdx2, in response to Oct4 siRNA. This suggests that, although Oct4 is also required for the maintenance of an undifferentiated state in these EC cells, knockdown of Oct4 results in their differentiation along a distinct lineage or lineages. While closely resembling other human EC and ES cells, NTERA2 cells also exhibit some differences. For example, they do not express the placental-like form of alkaline phosphatase, commonly found in human EC cells [25]; they exhibit particularly low and variable levels of MHC antigen expression [6]; and their ability to differentiate in response to retinoic acid is rare among hEC cells. Taken together, these and the current observations might reflect an equivalence of NTERA2 cells to a later embryonic stage than 2102Ep or the hES cells.

In summary, we have shown that RNAi can be used specifically to downregulate gene expression in a transient way in human EC and ES cells, with resulting consequences for cell behavior. With an increased understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control cellular differentiation, regulation of gene activity by RNAi may prove a useful tool for manipulating the differentiation of hES cells. Our results further show that, in contrast to the role of LIF, another regulatory factor, Oct4, does seem to play the same role in human and murine EC and ES cells. Hay et al. [26] have also recently shown in two other human ES lines, H1 and H9, that knockdown of Oct4 results in their differentiation to trophecto-derm. Since EC cell proliferation was attenuated by knockdown of Oct4, our results also raise the possibility that Oct4 itself might be a useful target for therapy of testicular germ cell tumors in which EC cells are key contributors to malignancy.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
We are grateful to JA Thomson for providing H7 and H14 ES cells, to Christine Pigott for her assistance in cell culture, and to Chee Gee Liew for providing NTERA2 cells transfected with eGFP. We thank Victoria Fox for her technical assistance and Nick Jenkins for his great help in taking pictures. This work was supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, Yorkshire Cancer Research, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, and Axordia Ltd.

	REFERENCES

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 

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				Y. Atlasi, S. J. Mowla, S. A.M. Ziaee, P. J. Gokhale, and P. W. Andrews OCT4 Spliced Variants Are Differentially Expressed in Human Pluripotent and Nonpluripotent Cells Stem Cells, December 1, 2008; 26(12): 3068 - 3074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Furue, J. Na, J. P. Jackson, T. Okamoto, M. Jones, D. Baker, R.-I. Hata, H. D. Moore, J. D. Sato, and P. W. Andrews Heparin promotes the growth of human embryonic stem cells in a defined serum-free medium PNAS, September 9, 2008; 105(36): 13409 - 13414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Yu and J. A. Thomson Pluripotent stem cell lines Genes & Dev., August 1, 2008; 22(15): 1987 - 1997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Xie, J. Cai, N.-Y. Chia, H. H. Ng, and S. Zhong Cross-species de novo identification of cis-regulatory modules with GibbsModule: Application to gene regulation in embryonic stem cells Genome Res., August 1, 2008; 18(8): 1325 - 1335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Fong, K. A. Hohenstein, and P. J. Donovan Regulation of Self-Renewal and Pluripotency by Sox2 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Stem Cells, August 1, 2008; 26(8): 1931 - 1938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. W. Schubert, A. Abendroth, K. Kilian, T. Vogler, B. Mayr, I. Knerr, and S. Hashemolhosseini bZIP-Type transcription factors CREB and OASIS bind and stimulate the promoter of the mammalian transcription factor GCMa/Gcm1 in trophoblast cells Nucleic Acids Res., June 1, 2008; 36(11): 3834 - 3846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Monk, M. Hitchins, and S. Hawes Differential expression of the embryo/cancer gene ECSA(DPPA2), the cancer/testis gene BORIS and the pluripotency structural gene OCT4, in human preimplantation development Mol. Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2008; 14(6): 347 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Hohenstein, A. D. Pyle, J. Y. Chern, L. F. Lock, and P. J. Donovan Nucleofection Mediates High-Efficiency Stable Gene Knockdown and Transgene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Stem Cells, June 1, 2008; 26(6): 1436 - 1443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Mayshar, E. Rom, I. Chumakov, A. Kronman, A. Yayon, and N. Benvenisty Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 and Its Novel Splice Isoform Have Opposing Effects on the Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal Stem Cells, March 1, 2008; 26(3): 767 - 774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. J. Groves and J. H. Sinclair Knockdown of hDaxx in normally non-permissive undifferentiated cells does not permit human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2007; 88(11): 2935 - 2940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. T. Rodriguez, J. M. Velkey, C. Lutzko, R. Seerke, D. B. Kohn, K. S. O'Shea, and M. T. Firpo Manipulation of OCT4 Levels in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Results in Induction of Differential Cell Types Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2007; 232(10): 1368 - 1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Keller, A. W. Wu, J. I. Andrews, P. W. McGonagill, E. E. Tibesar, and J. L. Meier Reversal of Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Enhancer/Promoter Silencing in Quiescently Infected Cells via the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway J. Virol., June 15, 2007; 81(12): 6669 - 6681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-G. Liew, J. S. Draper, J. Walsh, H. Moore, and P. W. Andrews Transient and Stable Transgene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Stem Cells, June 1, 2007; 25(6): 1521 - 1528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z.-X. Wang, C. H.-L. Teh, J. L. L. Kueh, T. Lufkin, P. Robson, and L. W. Stanton Oct4 and Sox2 Directly Regulate Expression of Another Pluripotency Transcription Factor, Zfp206, in Embryonic Stem Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 27, 2007; 282(17): 12822 - 12830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Babaie, R. Herwig, B. Greber, T. C. Brink, W. Wruck, D. Groth, H. Lehrach, T. Burdon, and J. Adjaye Analysis of Oct4-Dependent Transcriptional Networks Regulating Self-Renewal and Pluripotency in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Stem Cells, February 1, 2007; 25(2): 500 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Ullmann, P. In't Veld, C. Gilles, K. Sermon, M. De Rycke, H. Van de Velde, A. Van Steirteghem, and I. Liebaers Epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in human embryonic stem cells cultured in feeder-free conditions Mol. Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2007; 13(1): 21 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N. Brimble, E. S. Sherrer, E. W. Uhl, E. Wang, S. Kelly, A. H. Merrill Jr., A. J. Robins, and T. C. Schulz The Cell Surface Glycosphingolipids SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 Are Not Essential for Human ESC Pluripotency Stem Cells, January 1, 2007; 25(1): 54 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Cauffman, I. Liebaers, A. Van Steirteghem, and H. Van de Velde POU5F1 Isoforms Show Different Expression Patterns in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Preimplantation Embryos Stem Cells, December 1, 2006; 24(12): 2685 - 2691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hasegawa, T. Fujioka, Y. Nakamura, N. Nakatsuji, and H. Suemori A Method for the Selection of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Sublines with High Replating Efficiency After Single-Cell Dissociation Stem Cells, December 1, 2006; 24(12): 2649 - 2660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Cools, S. L. S. Drop, K. P. Wolffenbuttel, J. W. Oosterhuis, and L. H. J. Looijenga Germ Cell Tumors in the Intersex Gonad: Old Paths, New Directions, Moving Frontiers Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2006; 27(5): 468 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Armstrong, O. Hughes, S. Yung, L. Hyslop, R. Stewart, I. Wappler, H. Peters, T. Walter, P. Stojkovic, J. Evans, et al. The role of PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK and NF{kappa}{beta} signalling in the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell pluripotency and viability highlighted by transcriptional profiling and functional analysis Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2006; 15(11): 1894 - 1913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Harun, L. Ruban, M. Matin, J. Draper, N.M. Jenkins, G.C. Liew, P.W. Andrews, T.C. Li, S.M. Laird, and H.D.M. Moore Cytotrophoblast stem cell lines derived from human embryonic stem cells and their capacity to mimic invasive implantation events Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2006; 21(6): 1349 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]