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First published online September 21, 2006
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2006-0377v1
24/12/2669    most recent
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Submitted on June 22, 2006
Accepted on September 13, 2006

Embryonic Stem Cells

Derivation of human embryonic stem cells from developing and arrested embryos

Xin Zhang 1, Petra Stojkovic 2, Stefan Przyborski 3, Michael Cooke 3, Lyle Armstrong 1, Majlinda Lako 1, Miodrag Stojkovic 2*

1 Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
2 Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Sintocell, Leskovac, Serbia
3 Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological and Biomedical Science, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Sintocell{at}web.de.


  Abstract

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) hold huge promise in modern regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and as a model for studying early human development. However, usage of embryos and derivation of hESC for research and potential medical application has resulted in polarised ethical debates since the process involves destruction of viable developing human embryos. Here we describe that not only developing embryos (morulae and blastocysts) of both good and poor quality but also arrested embryos could be used for the derivation of hESC. Analysis of arrested embryos demonstrated that these embryos express pluripotency marker genes such OCT4, NANOG and REX1. Derived hESC lines also expressed specific pluripotency markers (TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA4, alkaline phosphatase, OCT4, NANOG, TERT and REX1) and differentiated under in vitro and in vivo conditions into derivates of all three germ layers. All the new lines including line derived from late arrested embryo have normal karyotype. These results demonstrate that arrested embryos are additional valuable resources to surplus and donated developing embryos and should be used to study early human development or derive pluripotent hESC.

Key Words. embryo, human embryonic stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, differentiation




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