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Embryonic Stem Cells |
1 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ; The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin
2 The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute,Madison, Wisconsin; Departments of Anatomy and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
3 The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin
4 Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
5 Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ; The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin; Departments of Anatomy and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zhang{at}Waisman.Wisc.Edu.
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Abstract |
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Understanding neuroectoderm formation and subsequent diversification to functional neural subtypes remains elusive. We show here that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiate to primitive neuroectoderm after 8-10 days. At this stage cells uniformly exhibit columnar morphology and express neural markers, including anterior but not posterior homeodomain proteins. The anterior identity of these cells develops regardless of morphogens present during initial neuroectoderm specification. This anterior phenotype can be maintained or transformed to a caudal fate with specific morphogens over the next week when cells become definitive neuroepithelia, marked by neural tube-like structures with distinct adhesion molecule expression, Sox1 expression and a resistance to additional patterning signals. Thus, primitive neuroepithelia represents the earliest neural cells that possess the potential to differentiate to regionally specific neural progenitors. This finding offers insights into early human brain development and lays a foundation for generating neural cells with correct positional and transmitter profiles.
Key Words. Neural differentiation, Neural stem cells, Pax6, Nieuwkoop
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